Table of contents Full notes and short notes Placement of footnotes Content of Chicago footnotes Footnote examples for different source types Footnotes vs endnotes Frequently asked questions about Chicago style footnotes.
Full notes contain the full publication details of the source. The first citation of each source should be a full note. They are used for all subsequent citations of the same source. The guidelines for use of short and full notes can vary across different fields and institutions. Sometimes you might be required to use a full note for every citation, or to use a short note every time as long as all sources appear in the bibliography.
Footnotes should be used whenever a source is quoted or paraphrased in the text. They appear at the bottom of the relevant page, corresponding to reference numbers in the text. You can easily insert footnotes in Microsoft Word. The reference number appears in superscript at the end of the clause or sentence it refers to. It is placed after any punctuation except a dash :.
Notes should be numbered consecutively, starting from 1, across the whole text. Your first citation is marked with a 1, your second with a 2, and so on. The numbering does not restart with a new page or section although in a book-length text it may restart with each new chapter. Scribbr editors not only correct grammar and spelling mistakes, but also strengthen your writing by making sure your paper is free of vague language, redundant words and awkward phrasing.
See editing example. The footnote contains the number of the citation followed by a period and then the citation itself. Full notes also include all the relevant publication information which varies by source type. If you quote a source or refer to a specific passage, include a page number or range. In short notes, titles of more than four words are shortened.
Shorten them in a way that retains the keyword s so that the text is still easily recognizable for the reader:. Mary Shelley, Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus , ed. Joseph Oxford: Oxford University Press, , Shelley, Frankenstein , Do not place multiple footnotes at the same point in your text e.
If you need to cite multiple sources in one sentence, you can combine the citations into one footnote, separated by semicolons :. If one of your sources e. If you use a website name as an author, you may end up repeating the same information twice in one citation.
Short notes usually look similar regardless of source type — author, title, page number. Below are examples for several common source types, showing how the footnote should look in Chicago format. Italicize the book title. If the book states an edition other than the first , include this and abbreviate it e. Add the URL if you consulted the book online instead of in a physical copy. This is the format of a full note , 1 and this is the format of a short note. This is an example of a full note , 3 and this is an example of a short note.
The chapter title should be enclosed in quotation marks, while the book title should be italicized. The short note only contains the chapter title. The article title should be enclosed in quotation marks, while the journal name should be italicized. Volume and issue numbers identify which edition of the journal the source appears in. A DOI is a digital object identifier. This is generally more reliable than the URL when linking to online journal content. The page title should be enclosed in quotation marks.
Italicization is not used for website names. If the publication date is unknown, you can instead list the date when you accessed the page at the end of the citation e. All of the above information also applies to endnotes. Endnotes appear in their own section at the end of the text, before the bibliography.
Endnote citations look exactly the same as those in footnotes. Just use one or the other consistently. Frequently asked questions about Chicago style footnotes What is the difference between footnotes and endnotes? Footnotes appear at the bottom of the relevant page. Endnotes appear in a list at the end of the text, just before the reference list or bibliography.
In Chicago notes and bibliography style , you can use either footnotes or endnotes, and citations follow the same format in either case. In APA and MLA style , footnotes or endnotes are not used for citations, but they can be used to provide additional information. In Chicago notes and bibliography style , the usual standard is to use a full note for the first citation of each source, and short notes for any subsequent citations of the same source.
In Chicago author-date style , your text must include a reference list. It appears at the end of your paper and gives full details of every source you cited.
In notes and bibliography style, you use Chicago style footnotes to cite sources; a bibliography is optional but recommended. Page numbers should be included in your Chicago in-text citations when:.
In addition, Chicago outlines various ways to abbreviate notes to save time:. The basic structure for an abbreviate note includes: author's last name, the main title shortened if more than four words , and the page number or other identifying information if applicable.
Use Ibid. For information on how to write abbreviated notes see It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge.
If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. In Chicago notes and bibliography style , you can use either footnotes or endnotes, and citations follow the same format in either case. In APA and MLA style , footnotes or endnotes are not used for citations, but they can be used to provide additional information. Turabian style is a version of Chicago style designed specifically for students and researchers.
It follows most Chicago conventions, but also adds extra guidelines for formatting research papers , theses and dissertations. Turabian, now in its ninth edition. Both present the exact same information; the only difference is the placement of the year in source citations:. There are also other types of bibliography that work as stand-alone texts, such as an annotated bibliography.
A good standard choice is 12 pt Times New Roman. In a Chicago footnote citation , when the author of a source is unknown as is often the case with websites , start the citation with the title in a full note. In short notes and bibliography entries, list the organization that published it as the author.
In Chicago author-date style , treat the organization as author in your in-text citations and reference list. When an online source does not list a publication date, replace it with an access date in your in footnote citations and your bibliography :. Place the figure before or after the first paragraph where it is mentioned. Refer to figures by their numbers in the text e. Below the figure, place a caption providing the figure number followed by a period e.
The caption is single-spaced and left-aligned, and followed by a blank line before the continuation of the main text. In Chicago style , when a source does not include page numbers but you still want to point the reader to a specific point within it, an alternative locator should be used in your note or in-text citation.
With audiovisual sources e. Web pages are usually short enough that no specific locator is needed. However, for a particularly long web page, you can use a subheading from the page, in quotation marks, e. Note that page numbers should be left out of newspaper citations , even when they are available. This is because page numbers can vary between different editions of a newspaper.
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